The purpose of which job is to study the result out of breed and you may age to your egg manufacturing and the egg additional and you will internal high quality inside four Italian dual-goal types , at the beginning and some months afterwards than earliest months installing interest you to definitely occurred, respectively, at the end of summer/beginning of trip plus in winter, around varying environment conditions.
2.1. Animals and you may Rearing Criteria
Five Italian chicken breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and Robusta Lionata (RL), have been sensed towards the data. The body weight away from mature people try 1.twenty five kg into the PP, 2.31 kilogram in Emergency room and you will 3.05 kg in the RM and you can RL. Its supply is the Veneto region (Italy): PP is a classic regional reproduce; their supply are old back into the new XIX century, however, no particular studies on its hereditary origin exists. The other types are formulated for the Veneto during the 1950s: the latest Er breed arises from Sussex (tinted eggshell reproduce) and you may Rhode Area (brown eggshell breed) breeds, whereas for the RM and you can RL types, Brownish Orpington and you can Light The united states, a few brownish eggshell breeds were utilized . Also the mature weight, these types disagree within their plumage the color: it’s golden when you look at the PP, Emergency room reveals erminate plumage, RM plumage is predominantly white which have black extremities in lot of places of one’s human body, black colored feathers out-of primaries and you may end and you may RL suggests a good tawny plumage which have black feathers away from primaries and you will end. All of the types (Profile S1) inform you single comb and you can set tinted eggshell eggs (Shape S2).
dos. Material and techniques
Wild birds away from for each breed hatched at the same time (last half away from elizabeth farm of your Middle getting Poultry Biodiversity Conservation on the Veneto area (they regularly offers new rearing of those types too are you aware that eggs creation to possess incubation and you will brooding), inside Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), regarding hatching with the pubertal ages and you will in the putting months, and that started about avoid regarding summer for the beginning of fall (Figure step one), according to breed. Eating, rearing standards (photoperiod, temperature) and you may prophylaxis procedures were a similar on the five types, since from hatching to the stop of one’s read period, that was for the , during the 53 months old. This new freshly hatched chicks was basically left indoors in first 4 weeks off lifestyle, at an environmental heat coming down out of thirty two so you can 24 °C, significantly less than infra-red-colored radiation lights, into the litter. Within step one.5 months old, the wild birds got 100 % free access to outside areas, regarding spring season so you’re able to fall and you can winter months. For every breed (sixty hens) got totally free usage of backyard (5 m dos /bird) place (armed with linear drinkers), where hens existed day long, and indoor (cuatro hens/yards 2 ) space (timber shavings and you can straw litter, having perches and you will rounded feeders), mainly utilized to have putting egg (cumulative nests) and at night; the room (indoor and you can outside) accessible to for every single breed is split by the netting.
At the start of laying (around twenty-two months old toward reproduce which have before start of installing), during the September–Oct, with respect to the breed, new photoperiod is actually natural and decreasing, according to the seasons plus the geographic standing of one’s demonstration station for the North Italy (on average, 12L:12D), and for the 2nd period (away from 38 weeks of age, off December so you’re able to 53 weeks of age), fake light are slowly improved (when you look at the indoor space, filament-based light bulb, from the 60 lux) to track down an excellent photoperiod out-of 14L:10D. The newest photoperiod are managed from the a timer, also it try attained by turning on the fresh new light one hour in advance of dawn and shutting off it an hour or so once sundown. The fresh new exterior environmental temperatures is actually 10 ± step 3.cuatro °C and 11 ± 3.0 °C, respectively, towards very first (right away away from Oct towards stop off November) therefore the 2nd (right from the start off January with the stop of March) putting episodes, in the event that studies towards produce results and you may egg quality were accumulated. The fresh dogs were given post libitum industrial feeds according https://internationalwomen.net/sv/honduranska-kvinnor/ to their psychological phase (three varied commercial nourishes when you look at the broadening months). Into the basic laying phase (26–33 months of age, not as much as decreasing sheer photoperiod), in the event that types come laying, the birds were given a professional pelleted provide (PG = 16%, Me = eleven.8 MJ/kg, Ca = step one.1%, P = 0.6%) and maize (PG = 9.1%, Myself = 13.seven MJ/kg), on a ratio of just one:1. It is really worth remembering you to definitely, at that ages, precisely the twin-goal and you may shaded eggshell breeds demonstrated a varying start of installing and you may egg production price, while the latest hens belonging to the other kinds of the newest Conservation Heart getting Biodiversity and you may hatched at the same time of the analyzed breeds, like the light eggshell types, didn’t initiate laying (Padovana breed) or they shown a very scant installing interest (Polverara reproduce), never ever achieving the endurance out of ten% hen–date eggs design. The explanation for the option of new Preservation Centre, not to use a feed to have putting hens through the this period, is actually because of perhaps not pushing the brand new pullets so you can egg manufacturing during a season which have decreasing heat and photoperiod. The brand new birds became external, lower than beneficial criteria to possess skeletal health, travelling soil and you can lower than solar power radiation. Regarding the outdoor area for each and every reproduce, the existence of turf accessible to brand new wild birds was high while in the the newest increasing several months than simply on onset of laying, hence taken place after the summer season, if rain is scarce and don’t accommodate a beneficial grass regrowth. Regarding 38 to help you 53 weeks old, and you can around broadening photoperiod, the latest hens was fed a commercial pelleted offer having laying (PG = 16%, Me personally = 11.5 MJ/kilogram, Ca = 4.2%, P = 0.6%). All nourishes consisted generally out-of maize and you will soybean.